Implications of prostate inflammation on male fertility

Abstract

The prostate is the seat of three major causes of morbidity: benign prostatic hyper‐plasia, prostate cancer and prostatitis, three conditions in which inflammation has been implicated. A state of inflammation of the prostate gland, originally incited by an infection, an autoimmune response, a neurogenic stimulus or another trigger may have consequences on prostate functionality. In fact, male fertility depends intrinsi‐cally on the content of prostatic fluid factors secreted by the prostatic epithelium. Taking into account that the prostate gland is the major male accessory gland that exerts essential functions for male fertility, a state of local inflammation can alter male fertility by either directly impairing sperm quality or, indirectly, by causing pros‐tate dysfunction. In the present review, we summarise the current knowledge re‐garding prostatitis due to well‐known infections such as Escherichia coli, Chlamydia trachomatis and other commonly identified microorganisms focusing on inflamma‐tory markers detected during these infections and seminal quality and male fertility alterations reported. We also focused on type III prostatitis or chronic nonbacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, of unknown aetiology, in which inflamma‐tion of an autoimmune origin, neurogenic stimuli or another trigger have been pro‐posed and fertility alterations reported.